Power & Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work, while power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. In other words, energy is a measure of the quantity of work that can be done, while power is a measure of how quickly that work can be done. The unit of energy is joules (J) and the unit of power is watts (W), where 1 watt is equal to 1 joule per second. In practical terms, energy is what we pay for (e.g., kilowatt-hours), while power is what we use (e.g., kilowatts).
Power Energy System
An electrical component network used to provide, transmit, and utilize electricity is known as an electric power system. The electrical grid, which distributes electricity over a large region to homes and businesses, is an illustration of a power system. The power generation equipment, the transmission network that takes it to the load centres and the distribution network that supplies power to surrounding residences and businesses make up the electrical grid.
Power & Energy
Power and energy are related but distinct concepts in physics and engineering. Power is the rate of energy transmission or conversion. It is described as the quantity of energy that is changed or transferred in one unit of time. Often, power is measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). Energy, on the other hand, is a measure of the ability to do work. It is described as a system’s ability to perform labour. Energy can be stored or transferred between different systems, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is typically measured in joules (J) or kilowatt-hours (kWh).
In practical terms, power is often used to describe the rate at which energy is used or generated. For example, the power output of a solar panel or wind turbine is the rate at which it generates energy. The power consumption of an appliance or device is the rate at which it uses energy.
History
The first power system in history was created in Godalming, England, in 1881 by two electricians. On Pearl Street in New York City, Thomas Edison and the Edison Electric Light Company built the first electric power plant that used steam as its fuel. The usefulness of the transformer developed by Gaulard and Gibbs was proved in 1884 at Turin, when it was employed to illuminate 40 km (25 miles) of railway using only one alternating current generator. The secondary generation of Gaulard and Gibbs was modified in 1885 by Ottó Titusz Bláthy, Károly Zipernowsky, and Miksa Déri, giving it a closed iron core and the name “transformer.” William Stanley, a Westinghouse engineer, independently noticed the issue with connecting transformers in series rather than parallel in 1886. He also understood that converting the iron core of a transformer into a fully enclosed loop would enhance the voltage regulation of the secondary winding. Tesla’s patents for a poly phase AC induction motor and transformer designs were leased to Westinghouse in 1888. By 1889, the direct and alternating current power systems that had been constructed by power corporations in both the United States and Europe were in the thousands. Westinghouse set up the first significant power system in Telluride, Colorado, in 1891. This system was intended to run a 100 horsepower (75 kW) synchronous electric motor as well as offer electric lights. Alternating current was finally decided upon as the transmission standard in 1895. Westinghouse built the Adams No. 1 generating station near Niagara Falls, and General Electric built the three-phase AC power line to feed Buffalo at 11 kV. A revolution in power electronics began when a General Electric research team created the first thy resistor suitable for use in power applications in 1957. A European company led by Siemens, Brown Boveri & Cie, and AEG established the ground-breaking HVDC cable from Cabora Bassa to Johannesburg in 1979. The 1,420 km (880 mi) link transported 1.9 GW at 533 kV over a distance of further than 1,420 km.
For example
Computer advancements made it possible to do load flow analyses more effectively, which greatly improved the ability to plan power systems.
Examples of Energy Systems
- The fuel cell.
- Thermionic and thermoelectric devices.
- Converters using magnetohydrodynamics (MHD).
- Solar-powered heating, cooling, and electricity production.
- Geothermal energy systems
- Power generating from ocean thermal, wave, and tidal energy.
- Wind energy.
Types
- System for Generating Power.
- Power generation.
- Thermoelectricity.
- Photovoltaics.
- Turbines.
- Biomass.
- Renewable Energy.
Components of the power system
Generators
The generator or alternator is a crucial part of the power system. Its synchronous design and turbine driving system transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. Stator and rotor are the two primary components of a generator. The stator or armature, which is the stationary component, is made up of conductors that are inserted into the slots. When a load is placed on the generator, the conductors transport current. The rotor, which is positioned on the shaft and revolves within the stator, is the spinning component. Winding on the rotor
It is feasible to obtain pure sinusoidal voltage from the generator with a suitably built rotor and a proper distribution of stator windings around the armature. This voltage is also known as produced voltage or no load voltage.
Transformer
Power transformers are utilized at substations for scaling up or down the system voltage. Only for the purpose of power transmission is the voltage increased at the generator end; however, at each of the following substations, the voltage is gradually decreased until it reaches the operational voltage level.
To replace a bank of three single phase transformers, one three phase transformer is now used. One benefit of employing this transformer is that there is only one three phase load tap changing mechanism that has to be employed during installation.
Transmission Line
The distribution systems and producing stations are connected by a transmission line. It transports the electricity produced by the producing units and makes it accessible to the distribution network.
Four main factors are crucial for the effective operation of any electrical transmission line. These variables include conductors, resistance, inductance, and capacitance.
The resistance and inductance are spread equally over the length of the line. Series impedance is created. Power loss is caused by the resistance of a line. In order to increase the effectiveness of the transmission system, it is anticipated that a line’s resistance should be as low as feasible.
Bus Bars
Bus bars are a typical electrical component that directly connects several lines that are running at the same voltage electrically. Generally speaking, these bars have a rectangular cross section and are made of either copper or Aluminium. They can also be square tubes, circular solid bars, or various forms like round tubes.
Bus bars and pipes are awful. Additionally, connections between various components are made through pipes.
It has the following features
1) Because bus bars and connectors aren’t too high above the ground, maintenance is simple.
2) Corona loss is reduced as pipe diameter increases.
3. Strain type is just one factor in reliability.
Materials like ACSR (Aluminium conductors with steel reinforcement) and all-aluminium conductors are employed in strain-type arrangements.
66 kv 37/2.79 mm ACSR
132 kv 37/4.27 mm ACSR
220 kv 61/3.99 mm ACSR
400 kv 61/7.27 mm ACSR in duplex
Circuit Breakers
Under both good and bad circumstances, circuit breakers are employed to open or close a circuit. Under normal circumstances, it may be operated manually or remotely, and when a failure occurs, it may be run automatically.
The following tasks are performed by it.
- Continuously carrying full load current is required.
- Switching the circuit on and off without any load.
- Creating and interrupting the steady-state current.
- Creating and disabling the fault currents of magnitude that it is intended to withstand.
Isolators
Isolating switches are used to isolate a section of the power system for upkeep and repair. These are used after using a circuit breaker to turn off the load. Circuit breakers have isolators attached on both sides. Circuit breakers must be opened first in order to open isolators
Uses of electricity
- Entertainment.
- Healthcare.
- Engineering.
- Transport and Communication.
- Outdoors.
- Household.
- Commercial.
- Office.
- Fuel
- Space
Key points
Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency is said to as the “first fuel” in clean energy transitions because it offers some of the fastest and most affordable CO2 mitigation solutions while cutting energy costs and enhancing energy security. Energy efficiency, together with the closely linked measures of electrification, behavioural change, digitalization, and material efficiency, is the single greatest measure to eliminate energy consumption in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. The quantity of energy needed to create one unit of GDP, a crucial indicator of the economy’s energy efficiency, is shaped by all of these measurements taken together. The pace of improvement in global energy intensity must be two to three times greater than historical rates and rise to slightly over 4% per year between 2020 and 2030 in order to stay on track with the Net Zero Scenario.
Behavioural Changes
The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario relies heavily on behavioural changes to reduce CO2 emissions and the rise in energy consumption. Three primary barriers to de carbonization—current carbon-intensive assets, difficult-to-abate sectors, and the rapid expansion of the clean energy supply—can be overcome by behavioural changes that increase well-being and public health.
Electrification
Electrification is a key technique to achieving net zero targets since it has a considerable potential to reduce emissions and de carbonize energy supply chains. The percentage of electricity in final energy consumption rises under the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario from 20% in 2021 to 27% in 2030 as more energy end users electrify.
Renewables
In transitions to sustainable energy, renewable are essential. According to the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, they are in charge of almost one-third of the decreases in CO2 emissions between 2020 and 2030. One of the key strategies for limiting the increase in the average world temperature below 1.5°C is the use of renewable energy sources in the electricity, heating, and transportation sectors. With a 55% share of the world’s production in 2021, modern bio energy will be the leading source of renewable energy worldwide.
Bioenergy
Bio energy is a form of energy derived from the organic matter, or bio mass, that makes up plants. The carbon in biomass is taken up by plants during photosynthesis. Modern bio energy is a potential fuel that emits almost no emissions since whenever the biomass is used to create electricity, the carbon is simply liberated after burning and released back into the environment.
Hydrogen
In order to de carbonize industries like heavy industry, shipping, aviation, and heavy-duty transportation. which have difficult-to-reduce emissions and lack other solutions hydrogen and its derivatives should play a significant role.
Clean Energy Innovation
To meet the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, innovation in renewable energy technology must pick up speed. While the greatest of CO2 emission reductions can be achieved using current technologies by 2030, the route to 2050 depends on techniques that are not yet ready for general use, especially in sectors that are difficult to de carbonize, including heavy industries and long-distance transportation.
International Collaboration
For the world to achieve the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, global cooperation will be essential. Given that these industries frequently engage in high-volume trading, service markets worldwide, and require the widespread implementation of currently-in-development technologies to achieve net zero, it will be especially crucial for de carbonizing heavy industry and long-distance transportation.